The Central African Copper-Cobalt Belt is not only the world’s third-largest copper-rich deposit region but also the world’s largest in terms of resource reserves and the highest in terms of ore-body density. - Reformed ( Shaba type or Katanga type ) The copper-cobalt mineral belt has attracted international mining companies such as Glencore and First Quantum, as well as a number of Chinese-funded mining enterprises—including Huagang Mining, Zijin Mining, Luoyang Molybdenum, and Huayou Cobalt—that are investing in and developing mining projects in the region. This article provides a detailed overview of the China-Africa copper-cobalt belt and focuses on the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ( Gold ) A systematic and comprehensive review was conducted on the major mining companies investing in Zambia and their associated mineral deposits.

　　I. Overview of the China-Africa Copper-Cobalt Belt

　　Geographically, the Central African Copper-Cobalt Belt includes southern Democratic Republic of the Congo. 3 One province and northern Zambia 2 the provinces of Kolwezi, Lualaba, and Lubumbashi in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, as well as the Copperbelt and North-West Provinces in Zambia. The area is approximately... 10 Ten thousand square kilometers.

　　II. Geological Characteristics of the China-Africa Copper-Cobalt Belt

　　( One ) Review

　　This ore belt is the world’s third-largest copper-rich deposit, second only to... “ Copper Belt of the Andes Mountains in South America ” and “ Southwestern United States, North America - Mexico's Copper Belt ” the world’s third-largest copper belt, yet it boasts the largest resource reserves and highest density of ore deposits globally among sedimentary deposits. - Reformed ( Shaba type or Katanga type ) Copper-cobalt ore belt. The ore belt extends. 700km , width 150km The ore-bearing strata are the Neoproterozoic Katanga Supergroup. (Katanga group) The Luo'an Formation (Roan) The Dipet Formation and the Muwaxia Formation are also present.

　　Due to later collisional orogenic movements, the strata have developed prominent folds and thrust structures, giving rise to the renowned Lufilian. ( Lufilian ) Arc-shaped structural belt (Lufilian Arc) This belt concentrates the world's... 10% copper ore resources and 70% Cobalt ore resources characterized by disseminated, banded, and network-veined copper-bearing mineralization occurring along bedding planes. - Cobalt sulfide ( Chalcopyrite, covellite, bornite, chalcocite, and skutterudite, among others. ) The ore-bearing lithology is predominantly black. ( Variegated ) Carbonaceous sandstone ( Slate ) Cloudy mudstone and a small amount of gravelly sandstone.

　　( Two ) Cause

　　The ore-bearing lithologies within the Katanga copper-cobalt belt are relatively stable, with little variation in their mineral composition; all of them are clastic rocks. - It is associated with carbonate rock formation. Its origin remains controversial, but the generally accepted view is that it results from syngenetic sedimentary diagenesis. - Post-production thermal flow modification - The supergene oxidation enrichment, a composite genetic type.

　　( Three ) Prospects for Mineral Exploration

　　On the Congolese side, the focus should be on the Kolwezi thrust sheet. Gule-Tondo The thrust sheets, including the Fenggulume Thrust Sheet, trace the ore-bearing strata of the Lu'an Formation along the same fold structural trend as the known ore deposits. Additionally, to the south of the Kansuqi Copper Mine, along Lika Xi... - On both sides of the Kolwezi main highway there are... 9000km2 The blank areas hold great potential for mineral exploration. ( Wanbao Resources: Li Xiangqian )

　　On the Zambian side, due to the relatively high level of exploration activity in Copperbelt Province and the fact that prime exploration sites have already been allocated, future prospective areas will primarily be located in the Northwestern Province. The officially recognized prospecting area is one surrounded on all sides by metamorphic sedimentary rocks belonging to the Katanga Supergroup. 4 Granitic gneiss dome —Luswishi 、 Solwezi 、 Mwombezhi 、 Kabompo 。( School of Earth Sciences: Xiao Bo )

　　III. The Copper and Cobalt Mining Industries in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia

　　( One ) Major mining companies and their associated deposits in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

　　1 State-owned mining company

　　The state-owned mining companies are primarily the National Mining Company and Congo. ( Gold ) Industrial mining company.

　　National Mining Corporation (General Directorate of Mines and Mining—GECAMINES—GCM): Originally the mining consortium of Belgium in Katanga Province. , Founded 1906 Year ,1967 The year was nationalized. It is now Congo. ( Gold ) The largest state-owned mining company , Headquartered in Lubumbashi, the company originally held copper-cobalt mining rights. 18,900 km², The copper and cobalt resource amounts are: 5600 Ten thousand tons and 400 Ten thousand tons; rights to tin and associated niobium-tantalum rare metal deposits 14000km2 It holds lifetime mining development rights. The company comprises the Western Group, the Central Group, and the Southern Group. Historically, it has operated numerous open-pit and underground mines as well as large-scale smelters for copper, cobalt, zinc, and other metals. At one point, its mineral exports accounted for a significant share of Congo’s total exports. ( Gold ) Export value of 70% . Now , The company's equipment is aging. , Mismanagement , Lack of investment , Has repeatedly fallen into bankruptcy crises.

　　2002 Year 7 Moon , Congo ( Gold ) The government issued the first mining law. , From then on, the country’s monopoly over the mining industry was broken. Foreign investment and private capital were now permitted to enter the Congo. ( Gold ) in the mining sector. The national mining company has begun establishing joint ventures with mining companies from countries including Australia, the United States, Canada, Belgium, China, and South Africa. , Jointly exploit the mining areas under their jurisdiction.

　　Congolese Industrial Mining Company (Congolese Industrial and Mining Development Company – SODIMICO) Founded on 1969 Year, initially for a limited liability company , Congo ( Gold ) State ownership 20% of the shares, Japanese shareholders hold 8% Shares ( Withdraw investment )。2002 Reorganized as a state-owned company, the company is located in Lubumbashi. The company’s reserves of mineral resources include copper. 203 Ten thousand tons, of which in MUSOSHI The uranium reserves are 190 Ten thousand tons, content 3% ; in KINSENDA The copper reserves are 12 Ten thousand tons, copper content 5% The company owns a mining area with an area of... 82723 square kilometer, 5 A mining development block.

　　2 Foreign-invested mining companies and mining projects

　　1997 Since the year , Congo ( Gold ) The National Mining Company Attracts Foreign Investment , Currently, the major foreign-invested copper and cobalt resource projects are: :

　　 (1) Glencore Company (Glencore) Holding company KCC The company and Mutanda (Mutunda) Company

　　Glencore currently holds Mutunda Copper-cobalt mine project 100% of shares and Katanga Mine approximately 86.33% Shares. Mutunda The copper-cobalt mine is located at Lualaba The province is Glencore’s primary asset. 2016 Annual production: 20 Tens of thousands of tons of electrolytic copper and 2.4 10,000 tons of cobalt hydroxide. In addition, Mutanda Having daily production 390 Tons of sulfuric acid and 73 Installed capacity for one ton of sulfur dioxide, intended for use in wet-process smelters. Katanga Mine at 2015 Year 9 Production is suspended for the month; the original production capacity was... 11.3 Ten thousand tons / Annual electrolytic copper, planned for 2017 Production will resume after the expansion is completed in the second half of the year.

　　 (2) TFM Mining company (Tenke Fungurume Mining)

　　 TFM The copper-cobalt mine is located in the Congo. ( Gold ) Lualaba Province is in the Congo. ( Gold ) The copper-cobalt mine project with the largest current production capacity. Mine rights area 1437 Square kilometer , Copper reserves held by the mine at the time of the transaction 471.81 Ten thousand tons, copper grade 2.6% Cobalt 0.3%, Predict future resource volumes 3.14 Hundred million tons , Fine copper 4% Cobalt 0.25% 。

　　Before Luoyang Molybdenum’s acquisition, Freeport of the United States held a stake. 56% Canada Lundin Mining company equity stake 24% Congo ( Gold ) The state-owned mining company holds a stake. 20%。2015 Year, TFM The production of copper and cobalt from mines is as follows: 20.4 Ten thousand tons and 1.6 10,000 tons, accounting for the country's total copper-cobalt production in that year. 19.62% and 19.16% 。

　　 (3) Australia Anvil Mining company

　　Except Kinsevere Copper mine assets transferred to China Minmetals. MMG In addition, there are two other important assets: Dikulushi Copper-silver ore, proven reserves + Controlled resource reserves of copper 194 Ten thousand tons, grade Cu8.59% 、Ag266g/t； Kulu Tailings project, metallic copper 15.6 Ten thousand tons, cobalt 9 Thousand tons, grade Cu1.94% ， Co 0.11% 。

　　 (4) Katanga Mining Company (Katanga Mining (Nikanor)) Company )

　　Investment enterprises have 5 One, all production capacity is copper. 300，000 ton / Year, cobalt approximately 30，000 ton / Year, including Luilu Metallurgical Plant ， Kamoto Concentrator ， Kamoto Underground Mine ，Musonoie-T17， Tilwezembe 。

　　 (5) First Quantum Minerals Company (First Quantum Minerals)

　　In Congo ( Gold ) Located within the territory Froniter Copper mine ( To have 95% equity of ) and Kolwezi Tailings Treatment Project ( To have 65% equity of )。

　　 Frontier The copper mine is one of the flagship mining projects that the No. 1 Mining Company has transitioned from greenfield exploration into development and production. 2001 Year 1 Month, First Quantum through Congo ( Gold ) Subsidiary Commission To obtain Frontier The project’s exploration permit, and in 2002-2005 Large-scale exploration activities were launched this year. 2005 Year 10 Conduct a pre-feasibility study in the current month to determine the ore resource reserves. 20803 Ten thousand tons, copper grade 1.16% 。2007 Year 11 The monthly mine production has started, with a designed copper capacity. 10 Ten thousand tons / Year.

　　 Kolwezi The tailings treatment project is the first one undertaken by the First Quantitative Company. 2006 Acquired a listed company through mergers and acquisitions this year. Adastra Obtained indirectly by the company. First Quantum Minerals holds... 65% , South Africa IDC The company occupies 10% , South Africa IFC The company occupies 7.5% , the Congo's national mining sector accounts for 12.5% , Congo ( Gold ) The government occupies 5%。

　　 (6) African Minerals Company

　　Its Kamoa The copper mine has been transferred to Zijin Mining. As for its Kipush... (Kipushi) The zinc mine is touted as the world's richest zinc mine. 1991 During the initial drilling process, a thick layer was discovered. 141 Rice, grade 41% the zinc mine, 2014 The borehole encountered a thickness of up to 340 Rice, grade 44.8% Zinc ore.

　　 (7) Other major mining companies include the United States. OMG Company ( Luiswishi Copper-Cobalt Tailings Leaching Project, Lubumbashi Slag Smelting Project ) , invested by Indians Chemaf 、 Somika Company, Central African Mining Company (Camec) Africo Resources Companies, etc.

　　3 Chinese-funded mining company

　　Deadline 2017 In the first quarter of the year, Chinese-funded mining companies operating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and involved in copper-related activities include Huagang Mining, Huayou Cobalt, China Railway International, China Nonferrous International, Wanbao Minerals, Jinchuan International, Hanrui Cobalt, Shengtun Mining, Zijin Mining, and Tengyuan Mining.

　　 (1) Huagang Mining

　　Based on Congo ( Gold ) Government “ Resource-for-project exchange ” Policy, 2007 Year 12 Moon 28 Day by Congo ( Gold ) The government and the national mining company have signed an agreement with a Chinese business group. ( Valid until 2024 Year 4 Moon 3 day ) The Huagang Mining Co., Ltd. was established, with the Chinese enterprise group holding a stake of... 68% , just the right amount 32%。

　　According to the agreement, Huagang Mining has legally obtained the mining rights certificate with the following number: CAMIPE 9681 、9682 Mineral rights area 10.91 Square kilometer. 2011 Detailed exploration completed by the China National Geological Exploration Bureau, with estimated resource quantities. (122b + 333) Ore tonnage 2.56 100 million tons, copper grade 3.45% Cobalt grade 0.215% Copper metal content 886.21 Ten thousand tons, cobalt metal content 61.62 10,000 tons; plus the smaller ore bodies above and below these two main ore bodies, the total copper metal content of the entire mining area has reached— 1000 Over 10,000 tons, with associated cobalt metal content in... 70 Around 10,000 tons.

　　2015 Year 11 The first phase of the Yue Mine has begun production, with a designed annual capacity of... 25 Ten thousand tons of metallic copper, 6000 Ton of cobalt hydroxide and 20 Ten thousand tons of sulfuric acid.