Since 2008 Since the global financial crisis, the global mining industry has entered a period of volatile decline. To cope with the unfavorable external environment, major mineral-producing countries around the world have adopted a variety of strategies. Starting with mining economic policies—including fiscal, financial, tax, royalty, tariff, and trade measures as well as community service initiatives—they have successively introduced more proactive measures that are conducive to promoting the healthy development of their domestic mining industries. Developed countries have focused primarily on protecting exploration activities and exploration companies, while resource-rich countries with single-economy models have shown a growing trend toward strengthening mining governance, aiming to create a more favorable environment that attracts mining investors.

held recently 2016 At the China International Mining Conference, experts noted that China’s domestic mining industry is showing signs of recovery. In fact, our country has also made corresponding adjustments to its mining economic policies in an effort to gain a relative competitive edge in the global mining market.

Strengthen and improve the legal and regulatory framework for mineral resources.

Establishing and improving legal and regulatory frameworks is a crucial guarantee for promoting the development of the mining industry and the exploration and development of resources. In recent years, major resource- or mineral-rich countries around the world—including China—have attached great importance to this aspect of development and have achieved remarkable results.

Mexico has a very comprehensive mining law, making investment in the mining sector in Mexico increasingly stable and reliable.

Kyrgyzstan will study and develop a comprehensive mining law, and the regulation of the mining industry will be enshrined in law.

India stipulates that mining leases for most metallic minerals, including bauxite, can only be obtained through bidding and electronic auctions. 2016 Year 3 In the month, the Indian government submitted to Parliament an amendment to the Mines and Minerals Development and Regulation Act, stipulating that mining rights granted without auction—and whose mined products are intended for specific purposes—may be transferred provided they comply with terms and conditions set by the government. The government will levy transfer fees based on different circumstances, with the minimum price roughly equivalent to the auction prices of similar mines in the same region.

Commodity prices have prompted the South African government to introduce a series of regulations aimed at enhancing coordination among government agencies, thereby creating excellent opportunities for mining development and exploration and accelerating the growth of the mining sector. Under the leadership of the South African government, efforts are being made in the area of Black empowerment to ensure that Black people are included in the distribution of mining benefits, enabling a more equitable sharing of the economic gains generated by the mining industry. In terms of legislation, one of the most significant laws enacted in South Africa in recent years is— 2012 The “Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act” proposed this year ensures that the government takes timely measures and actions to reduce delays caused by administrative procedures.

The Ukrainian Parliament has adopted a bill concerning the government’s extraction and sale of amber. The Ukrainian Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources has decided to suspend the approval of amber exploration and extraction applications until the “Amber Extraction and Processing Law” is passed. 2015 Year 5 In the month, the Ukrainian government launched a privatization process for state-owned enterprises, involving state-controlled thermal power companies, local power companies, state-owned coal mining enterprises and mines, as well as the Ukrainian Peat Group, among others. 286 a company.

The Argentine government plans to submit a new mining bill to Congress early next year, aiming to unify previously proposed federal mining regulations and allow open-pit mines to operate across the country. This move is part of an effort to boost investment in the sector. Although Argentina is rich in copper, gold, silver, and zinc deposits, it has lagged behind its mineral-rich neighbors Chile and Peru in terms of mining investment. However, Argentina’s local regulations remain stringent nationwide. 23 In one province, there is... 7 One region has completely banned open-pit mining due to environmental concerns. Over the next five years, Peru and Chile are each expected to have... 300 hundreds of millions of dollars and 500 A mining investment of hundreds of millions of dollars, lower than Argentina’s current expectations.

2016 Year 3 Last month, Zimbabwean President Mugabe announced that the government would take over all diamond mines in the country. He also lifted the four-year ban on chrome ore exports, paving the way for... 12 A private enterprise and a state-owned enterprise have been granted chromium ore export licenses, and the electricity prices for base metal mines have been reduced. Meanwhile, the government has lowered the tax on chromium ore mining from... 2% Increase to 5%。

2016 Year 5 Moon 10 On [date], the Ministry of Finance of China and the State Administration of Taxation jointly issued the “Notice on Fully Promoting the Reform of the Resource Tax,” clearly stating that, effective from [date],... 2016 Year 7 Moon 1 Starting from today, the reform of the resource tax will be fully rolled out. According to the requirements of the “Notice,” the tax has already been applied to crude oil, natural gas, coal, rare earths, tungsten, and molybdenum. 6 Building on the reform of resource taxes for individual product categories, which has already adopted a value-based taxation approach, this latest reform will extend value-based taxation to the vast majority of mineral products. Under this reform, the rate of mineral resource compensation fees for all resource categories will be reduced to zero, and locally imposed fee and fund programs that violate regulations concerning mineral resources will be abolished. In addition, the Ministry of Natural Resources is currently exploring the establishment of a national equity fund system for mineral resources. The implementation of this reform will further promote the elimination of arbitrary fees and the introduction of systematic taxation, streamline tax and fee relationships in the resource sector, and further standardize China’s mining market.

Currently, shale oil and gas exploration and development in China face numerous uncertain risks, and the environmental protection situation is not optimistic. While encouraging the development of shale oil and gas, we should attach great importance to environmental protection, standardize shale oil and gas development, formulate reasonable regulatory policies, and ensure that shale oil and gas development proceeds in a manner that is both economically viable and environmentally sustainable.

Adjust mining tax policies to attract investment.

The adjustments to mining tax policies are mainly reflected in: 3 These aspects include: first, the addition or reduction of tax types; second, adjustments to the tax base; and third, adjustments to tax rates. Different countries have varying objectives and value orientations: some aim to promote the development of their domestic mining industries, others emphasize increasing national revenue, still others prioritize community development, and yet others focus on protecting national industries. Consequently, mining tax policies differ significantly across countries.

Canada in the federal government 2016 The budget will include a tax credit for mineral exploration. 15% The policy term has been extended to 2017 Year 3 The month also saw the launch of a comprehensive resource development plan, with a particular focus on supporting innovation, financing, indigenous and community consultations, and economic development in northern regions. Additionally, expenses incurred for environmental studies and community consultations will be included as exploration expenditures.

According to the... 2014 Amendment to the Financial Act, Kenya from 2015 Year 1 Starting this month, a capital gains tax will be imposed on the mining and petroleum industries, and foreign investors will be taxed on the proceeds from the disposal of fixed assets in these industries. 37.5% , the tax rate for domestic investors is 30% This move is expected to increase the country's annual tax revenue. 1.1 hundred million dollars. 2015 Year 7 In the month, Kenya passed a new mining law stipulating that the government will hold stakes in new mining projects. 10% The rights and interests.

Australian Taxation Office since 2014 The year began with arrangements for a period of 3 Annual total 1 The A$100 million exploration incentive program offers investors tax credits and allows mining companies to carry forward losses as exploration and development incentive credits. 2015 Year 7 In the month, the Australian federal government launched an exploration and development incentive program, offering tax-free income incentives to small exploration companies that undertake greenfield exploration projects. These companies can obtain loan support for their projects and gradually repay the loans once they start generating profits. 2015 Based on the baseline of the annual exploration and development incentive program, 2016 The fiscal year will increase again. 3500 10,000 Australian dollars, 2017 Increase again this year 4000 10,000 Australian dollars.

To increase fiscal revenue, balance the budget deficit, raise funds for infrastructure projects, curb consumption and tame inflation, promote the new energy industry, and shift from attracting mining investments to fostering social development, countries such as Brazil and Indonesia have adjusted their tax rates. Indonesia offers tax incentives for green investment sectors such as geothermal energy and natural gas processing; it is also lowering the corporate income tax from its current level... 25% Gradually reduce to 17.5% Expand “ Pioneer ” Enterprise scope, encompassing companies involved in metals, oil refining, petrochemical derivatives, machinery, renewable resources, and infrastructure enterprises. 9 Enterprises of this type enjoy tax incentives, namely: 5~10 Can be enjoyed within the year 70% income tax reductions and various allowances. To holders of IUP Non-governmental mining operators under direct government administration are subject to levies. 1.5% The coal export income tax. Brazil is imposing higher taxes on imported goods, fuels, and other items; for imported goods, the Social Integration Tax and the Social Security Tax will be raised to... 11.75% Burkina Faso has abolished the tax exemptions and reductions for mining companies. 10% The policy on profit tax. Mining companies holding development permits shall pay taxes based on their profits. 27.5% Taxpayers—companies holding mining permits—are required to remit monthly... 1% the turnover or 1% The value of mined minerals will be turned over to the local development fund, and the state will also... 20% Inject it in.

2015 Since the beginning of this year, countries including Russia, Kazakhstan, Brazil, South Africa, Ukraine, Argentina, India, and Indonesia have all adjusted their tariffs on mineral products. Some countries have reduced or even eliminated these tariffs altogether, or introduced export subsidies, in order to boost domestic product exports, reduce reliance on tax revenues from resource exports, and minimize the impact of international markets on their national finances.

To counter the impact of imported mineral products, protect local enterprises, restore industry competitiveness, safeguard the environment, crack down on smuggling, and make up for lost tax revenues, countries such as India, Vietnam, and Indonesia have adopted measures to impose temporary additional tariffs or raise existing tariffs.

Mining rights policy adjustments are trending toward convergence.

The methods for granting mining rights, the royalty rates, and the collection procedures are important tools for adjusting the economic distribution between owners and users of mineral resources. Regarding adjustments to royalty rates, countries tend to refer to each other and show a converging trend. At the same time, there is a growing trend toward institutionalizing royalty systems.

In Mexico, the government can openly accept applications from anyone, and a single application issued in Mexico grants access rights. 50 The year can also be extended. 50 year. In Mexico, mining permits refer to exploration rights and excavation and extraction rights, rather than ownership of mines. Currently, Mexico has 2.5 Over 10,000 applications for mining rights have been submitted. After obtaining mining permits, taxes must be paid. As the years go by, the amount of tax paid will gradually increase.

Argentina has enacted a series of laws at the national government level to guarantee the rights of all mining investors. 30 Tax revenues for the year remain stable. Each province can independently issue mining rights, as well as construction permits and environmental permits.

In Brazil, where royalty rates are relatively low, the direction of adjustment is the same as that of neighboring countries such as Peru and Chile—both have raised their royalty rates. Meanwhile, many countries—including the United States and Canada—are gradually institutionalizing the review process for royalty systems.

To boost fiscal revenue and curb uncontrolled mining activities, Pahang State in Malaysia plans to impose an additional levy on bauxite mining based on extraction volumes. Due to concerns about environmental impacts, the government has decided to temporarily suspend bauxite mining.

The Tanzanian Parliament has approved the controversial Oil and Gas Act, which aims to develop the emerging oil and gas industry. The royalty rate for natural gas in onshore or shelf areas is... 12.5% , at sea for 7.5% The government’s share of profits in natural gas production is at least... 60% To 85%。

The Zambian government has approved the implementation of a new royalty system for copper mines, under which royalty rates are linked to copper prices. This system aims to stabilize employment, increase fiscal revenues when copper prices rise, and reduce the tax burden on companies during periods of declining mineral prices. This is already the Zambian side’s... 2015 Since the year, the ...th 4 Next adjustment of royalty rates.

According to 2015 In the revised version of the “Mineral and Mine Development Management Act” for the year, the Indian government has adjusted the royalty payments made by mining companies. 2% Put in “ National Mineral Exploration Trust Fund ” , about annually 7500 Tens of thousands of dollars, far higher than the current annual amount. 500 Million-dollar expenditure on mineral exploration.

All proceeds from the increase in royalty rates in Alberta, Canada, will be deposited into the provincial trust fund.

China is continuously strengthening the construction of its mineral rights market and further clarifying the relationship between the government and the market. Its main measures include the following aspects: First, streamlining administration and delegating power, and appropriately delineating the management authority between the central and local governments. 2013 Since this year, the Ministry of Natural Resources has already canceled geological and mineral resource approval procedures. 25 First, all non-administrative licensing items have been cleared. Second, we are actively participating in macroeconomic regulation and promoting the optimization and upgrading of the mining industry. We have implemented a system for zoning and delineating mining rights areas, incorporating such zones into overall or specialized plans for mineral resource management. “ Mining Rights Allocation Zone ” A special section is dedicated to planning and arranging the exploration and development layout of mineral resources; protecting and making rational use of rare-earth and tungsten resources, and further strengthening macro-control over mining rights for these resources. Third, we will strengthen supervision and standardize management. 2011 In [year], the Ministry of Natural Resources issued the “Notice on Establishing and Improving the Physical Market for Mining Rights,” as of [date]. 2011 Year 12 Moon 31 Day, 31 Provincial-level mining rights trading institutions have now been fully established in all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). The “Notice on Doing a Good Job of Publicizing and Disclosing Information Related to the Transfer and Assignment of Mining Rights in the Physical Market” stipulates that the transfer and assignment of mining rights shall be carried out in accordance with the following provisions: “ Five Openings ” Specifically, information related to five scenarios—namely, the transfer of mining rights through tendering, auction, and listing; the transfer of exploration rights based on the “first application” principle; the conversion of exploration rights into mining rights; the transfer of mining rights via agreement; and the assignment of mining rights—must be publicly disclosed to the public through media such as the mining rights market and the internet. The public disclosure system is linked to the mineral rights allocation system of the Ministry of Natural Resources. Only after a mining right has been publicly disclosed in the system can it obtain the corresponding exploration (or mining) right number. The “Measures for Public Disclosure of Exploration and Mining Information by Mineral Rights Holders (Trial)” issued by the Ministry of Natural Resources stipulates that, starting from... 2016 Year 7 Moon 1 Starting from today, mining right holders must promptly publish exploration and mining information on the portals of the Ministry of Natural Resources or the provincial-level authorities in charge of natural resources, and proactively accept supervision. Fourth, we must provide high-quality public services and foster a favorable mining environment. We will further enhance the standardization and transparency of mining rights transfer and trading, promote transparent operations in public resource transactions, and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of public resource allocation.

Promote mining management and development through service-oriented policies.

In the context of a sluggish market, some countries may strengthen their policies and actions related to mining governance. For example, they could intensify efforts to crack down on illegal and excessive mining activities, mandate that domestic transactions—from production to transportation—be conducted in the local currency, abolish special tax incentives for the mining sector, raise royalty rates, increase government equity stakes, establish additional local development funds, and leverage adjustments to import tariffs on downstream industrial products to protect the domestic market and enhance the competitiveness of local smelting and processing enterprises.

The Sudanese government has formulated a series of relevant mining policies and development plans to promote the growth of the mining sector. While advancing the development of mining-related industries, Sudan places great importance on environmental protection and requires foreign companies operating mines in Sudan to comply with international environmental standards and laws. Currently, Sudan has a total of... 148 Foreign companies are conducting mining operations, among which... 16 One company specializes in gold mining and is expected to surpass [a certain threshold] by the end of this year. 30 Home. In recent years, the Sudanese government has introduced relevant preferential policies to encourage more local and foreign enterprises to enter Sudan and engage in mining production.

To attract mining investments, most countries in Central Asia have revised their mining and investment laws and introduced preferential policies for foreign investment. While promoting the integrated exploration and development of mineral resources such as oil and gas, coal, and metallic minerals, these countries are also placing particular emphasis on cooperation in the fields of advanced processing technologies, equipment, and engineering services for mineral resources.

In the landlocked region of West Africa, the Malian government is prioritizing investment in infrastructure development to encourage foreign investors. At the same time, the Malian government places great importance on environmental protection and sustainable development, having enacted relevant laws and regulations to ensure that all foreign investors enjoy the freedom to choose which resources they wish to exploit. Furthermore, the government has opened up its markets to foreign trade in goods, materials, equipment, and operations.

Nigeria’s ongoing national industrialization is supporting and promoting the development of its domestic mining sector. In the future... 20 This year, Nigeria has clarified its long-term and short-term development plans and strategies to address the volatile fluctuations in global commodity prices.

Economic integration among African countries has made significant progress. The African Union’s goal is to... 2017 An African Continental Free Trade Area was established this year. In the mining sector, African countries are exploring the establishment of a mining alliance. Several countries, including Zambia and Kenya, have proposed developing harmonized mining policies and establishing unified mining laws and fiscal systems to prevent overexploitation. Meanwhile, African nations are conducting adaptive studies on environmental protection laws and regulations as well as oil and gas extraction technology policies.

Encourage mineral exploration and technological innovation.

Currently, exploration has become a key area of focus for the Australian government. At least some of Australia’s existing mineral projects are... 30 It was identified earlier this year that many regions remain unexplored, presenting enormous potential. The Australian government announced that it will invest... 1.885 A$100 million to establish, including mining. “ Industrial Growth Center ”。2015 Year 4 This month, the South Australian government announced that it will continue to implement the drilling discovery incentive program to encourage private-sector exploration.

The Australian government has previously invested heavily in mining research and development. Today, in response to the downturn in the mining sector, the Australian government is placing even greater emphasis on scientific and technological innovation, either by increasing its investment or by establishing an independent department to strengthen efforts in this area. 2016 Year 2 In the month, Australia established the National Energy Resources Development Center. NERA ). The center will be dedicated to leveraging the competitiveness of Australia’s existing mineral resources sector, fostering innovation, and advancing research efforts. The Australian government plans to... 4 Invested in the center this year. 1540 10,000 Australian dollars. Previously, the Australian government had also publicly committed that in the future... 10 This year, the company’s profit tax rate will be gradually reduced to... 25%。

Canada has established a science and technology innovation platform centered on deep exploration, aiming to promote technological innovation in deep mineral exploration. Canada announced the federal government's... 2016 The budget proposal outlines a sustainable development plan and will allocate funds. 10 Hundreds of millions of Canadian dollars will be allocated to the exploration and development of minerals related to clean energy; plans are in place to... 2020 Years ago, investment in technological innovation reached 7.75 Hundreds of millions of Canadian dollars will be invested to further control energy consumption, protect and improve water resource utilization, and refine mining processes, enabling mining development in a highly efficient and low-risk manner.

Canada's Ultra-Deep Mining Network ( UDMN ) is a network of commercially driven centers of excellence ( NCE ), by the Center of Excellence for Mining Innovation ( CEMI ) Proposes the establishment of an initiative aimed at supporting mining development and promoting commercially viable R&D projects, ultimately enabling the deployment and application of innovative technologies in the mining industry. The network is led by members from the mining and oil & gas sectors, and actively involves small- and medium-sized mining companies, industry intermediaries, research centers, and universities. Through this network, UDMN will continue to position Canada and Ontario as global leaders in deep-mining expertise, thereby ensuring that the country maintains its status as a premier destination for natural resource investments. In the future, 10 This year, Canada will also allocate funds. 1200 Hundreds of millions of Canadian dollars will be invested in infrastructure development to unlock the mining potential in Canada’s northern and remote regions.

Relevant information disclosure: The Bolivian government plans... 2016 Annual investment 1000 Tens of thousands of dollars to the provinces of La Paz, Oruro, Potosí, and Santa Cruz, among others. 8 For exploration on a mining rights site, the mining area must pay the royalty. 10% Submit to the Bolivian Geological and Mining Service.