Conduct resource and environmental carrying capacity assessment, monitoring, and early warning efforts separately for fully urbanized areas (mature cities), urbanization areas, mining city districts, agricultural development zones, ecological conservation areas, and coastal regions.

　　It is necessary to improve and refine the system for allocating resource rights, ensuring that the rights of natural resource owners, the benefits accruing to developers (users of usage rights), and the interests of resource-locating regions are all adequately addressed. Furthermore, we must enhance the mechanisms for preserving and enhancing the value of natural resource assets, facilitating their trading, and establishing robust platforms and management systems.

　　Establish and refine ecological restoration models and management systems and mechanisms for various types of regions, including industrialized urban areas, mining areas, rocky desertification areas, karst regions, and coastal areas.

　　The construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, and land, minerals, forests, grasslands, and other resources are being coordinated and promoted in a comprehensive manner. “ Five-in-one ” The overall layout—particularly its role in ecological civilization construction—has been further developed and strengthened. The Central Government’s “Plan for Deepening Reform of Party and State Institutions” specifically emphasizes that building an ecological civilization is a millennial plan for the sustainable development of the Chinese nation. It explicitly proposes establishing the Ministry of Natural Resources, thereby highlighting the fundamental, strategic, and holistic significance and role of natural resources in promoting ecological civilization and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China has set forth clear goals and directions for building a modern socialist power, continuously advancing the modernization of land and spatial governance as well as the management systems and capabilities for natural resources, and steadily enhancing the carrying capacity of resources and the environment—naturally becoming the cornerstone of all efforts. “ Resource person ” The mission and responsibility.

　　Unified exercise of all responsibilities for the control of land-use functions across the entire national territory, with a focus on addressing issues such as overlapping spatial plans, adjusting and optimizing the pattern of land use and development, and continuously enhancing spatial governance capacity and carrying capacity—these are the primary challenges facing the natural resources system.

　　For many years, China has adopted a fragmented management approach for urban production and living spaces, rural living and agricultural production spaces, as well as forest, water, and other ecological spaces, resulting in separate management systems, regulatory frameworks, and planning mechanisms. The establishment of a unified national land-space planning system first requires the integration, consolidation, adjustment, and innovation of existing laws, policies, and institutional frameworks. Traditionally, our planning mindset has been top-down—from the central government to local authorities. However, the ultimate goal of planning is implementation and execution on the ground. Therefore, the focus of planning efforts should shift downward—placing greater emphasis on local-level planning systems. Likewise, enhancing spatial governance capacity hinges critically on strengthening local capabilities. At present, the key to innovating and improving the spatial governance system and capacity-building lies in top-level institutional design and legal integration. Building upon the continued reinforcement and refinement of local pilot programs and demonstrations, we must explore ways to establish a sound planning approval system with Chinese characteristics, one that integrates overarching spatial plans with specialized plans, and creates a hierarchical framework linking central master plans with local-level plans.

　　It is important to emphasize that, in accordance with China’s national strategy for functional zones, different territorial units exhibit distinct natural conditions, resource endowments, and environmental characteristics, resulting in varying development orientations and requirements—and thus, entirely different target capacities. Therefore, it is essential to innovate our understanding and working approaches for assessing, monitoring, and issuing early warnings on carrying capacity, tailored to China’s specific realities, in order to better leverage their role in land-space planning and use control. On the one hand, we can carry out resource and environmental carrying-capacity assessment, monitoring, and early-warning efforts separately for fully urbanized areas (mature cities), urbanization regions, mining cities, agricultural development zones, ecological conservation areas, and coastal regions. On the other hand, we need to innovate the application of carrying capacity in the fields of land-space planning and use control, and explore ways to optimally integrate the results of resource and environmental carrying-capacity assessments with land-space planning.

　　Unifying the exercise of ownership responsibilities for natural resource assets owned by the entire people and focusing on addressing the issue of inadequate ownership of natural resources represent another formidable challenge facing the natural resource system.

　　Over the years, China has established a relatively comprehensive system, as well as robust management, trading, and monitoring frameworks, for the administration of land, mineral resources, forest lands, and other natural assets. At present, there is an urgent need to refine and innovate the institutional mechanisms and technical standards governing the unified survey, rights confirmation, registration, monitoring, assessment, and early warning of natural resources. On the one hand, we must further improve and perfect the system for allocating resource rights—ensuring that the interests of natural resource owners, the benefits accruing to developers (users of resource rights), and the interests of local communities where resources are located are all adequately addressed. We should also enhance the systems for preserving and enhancing the value of natural resource assets, facilitating their trading, and managing related platforms. Moreover, we must innovate and strengthen the market-based allocation system for natural resources, allowing the market to play a decisive role. Additionally, we need to refine and improve the natural resource inspection system, endowing it with enforcement powers. In particular, it is critically important to effectively address the challenges posed by resource development in protected natural areas and the need to balance resource exploitation with ecological conservation. On the other hand, we must fully recognize the foundational and strategic importance of mineral resources and their pivotal role in the processes of industrialization and urbanization. We should also refine and improve the systems for compensating for damage caused by natural resource degradation and for promoting resource conservation and intensive use. As long as we can fully harness the market’s role in resource allocation and reinforce the principles of resource conservation, intensive use, and optimal utilization, we will be able to significantly enhance resource development efficiency and the overall carrying capacity of our natural resources.

　　Whether it’s deepening supply-side structural reform, implementing the rural revitalization strategy, promoting a regional coordinated development strategy, enhancing the level of safeguarding and improving people’s livelihoods, or advancing ecological civilization and pursuing high-quality development, all these efforts place higher demands on continuously enhancing the carrying capacity of natural resources and the environment.

　　To unify the exercise of all responsibilities for ecological protection and restoration of land space, there is an urgent need to follow the concept of a community of life encompassing mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, and grasslands, and to effectively carry out systematic governance of this integrated ecosystem. We must comprehensively plan and coordinate efforts related to the comprehensive remediation of land space, ecological protection and restoration of land resources, and the efficient and intensive use of natural resources, while vigorously promoting technological integration, innovation, and dissemination.

　　Over the years, the management of natural resources has earnestly implemented the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, thoroughly embraced the new development philosophy, vigorously promoted green development, and continuously enhanced the environmental carrying capacity of natural resources. Significant efforts have been made in areas such as integrated management of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, and grasslands; secondary development of inefficient land; land reclamation and geological environment remediation of mines; land consolidation; construction of high-standard farmland; prevention and control of geological disasters; and protection and restoration of coastal zones. These efforts have greatly boosted scientific and technological innovation in natural resource management and accelerated the building of a beautiful country.

　　It should be recognized that the current efforts to enhance carrying capacity—ranging from adjusting industrial layouts and optimizing spatial development, to protecting land resources, managing ecological redlines, implementing systematic governance of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, and grasslands, conducting comprehensive land remediation, restoring and rehabilitating ecosystems, preventing and mitigating natural disasters, and promoting the efficient and intensive use of natural resources—are multifaceted and complex. To effectively carry out the systematic governance of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, and grasslands and to assume unified responsibility for ecological protection and restoration across all territorial spaces, there is an urgent need to adopt the concept of a community of life encompassing mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, and grasslands, and to systematically plan and coordinate comprehensive land remediation, ecological protection and restoration, and efficient and intensive use of natural resources. We must vigorously promote technological integration, innovation, and dissemination. To this end, we should draw on foreign experiences, systematically review the lessons learned from pilot programs in areas such as mine geological environment restoration and management, land reclamation, integrated governance of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, and grasslands, and comprehensive coastal zone remediation. We should establish and refine ecological restoration models and management systems tailored to different types of regions—including urbanized industrial zones, mining areas, rocky desertification zones, karst regions, and coastal areas—and strengthen research on related theoretical frameworks, technical methods, normative standards, and management systems. Moreover, we must enhance the integration of basic data and technical specifications. Additionally, we need to develop financing, revenue generation, regulatory, and technical standard systems for ecological protection and restoration that are suited to the unique characteristics of each region.

　　The Central Economic Work Conference clearly called for accelerating the establishment of an indicator system, policy framework, standards system, statistical system, performance evaluation mechanism, and official performance appraisal system—thus creating and improving the institutional environment—to promote high-quality development. Therefore, we must ground our efforts in the realities of building a beautiful China in the new era, strengthen monitoring of progress in enhancing resource and environmental carrying capacity, innovate indicator systems and assessment methodologies, and refine and improve the corresponding policy frameworks and supporting institutional arrangements. At the same time, we should propose annual indicators, evaluation techniques, and methods for enhancing natural resource and environmental carrying capacity—including measures related to inefficient secondary development, land reclamation, geological restoration of mining areas, land remediation, construction of high-standard farmland, prevention and control of geological disasters, and coastal zone protection. To this end, we need to clarify our working思路, enhance strategic coordination, engage in systematic planning, advance step by step, carry out pilot demonstrations in designated regions, prioritize institutions, follow up with standards, and simultaneously improve and strengthen the performance management system. Through efficient assessment, evaluation, and performance management, we can lead the effort to enhance resource and environmental carrying capacity, thereby providing support for national territorial security, national food security, energy and resource security, coordinated regional development, rural revitalization, and the building of a modern socialist power.